Coraline Essy Essay Example for Free

Coraline Essy Essay Because of the educational committees demand for understudy criticism, I am writing to communicate my supposition about which ought to be utilized to instruct about the Fantasy sort, Coraline the book or Coraline the film. As I would like to think, I accept that Coraline the film ought to be utilized in schools to show the Fantasy class. This is on the grounds that the sounds, activitys, and new characters all show more components and instances of the Fantasy kind than in the book. When you wrap up this, you will without a doubt wind up being convinced that Coraline the film has more components and instances of Dream than in the book. The primary detail that makes Coraline the film have more components of Fantasy is movement. The activitys in the film were animation individuals, which implies the characters dont essentially need to do things genuine individuals can do. Another component of activity that makes the film progressively fantastical is that you can see precisely what the character is doing however in the book it is Just your creative mind. Likewise, in the film, enhancements can be added to make the scenes look increasingly fantastical. Generally, the movements from the film show a larger number of components of imagination than in the book. Also, the new and various characters in the film make Coraline the film have a bigger number of components of imagination than the book. In the film, the other mother transforms the other father into a pumpkin rather than a mass. This is increasingly fantastical on the grounds that pumpkins are plants and the way that a pumpkin is alive and talks is fantastical. The second case of new and various characters is Wybie Lovat. He is another character that is in the film however not the book. He includes more dream since he finds a doll that looks Just like Coraline and offers it to her. The new and diverse haracters is the second detail that makes Coraline the film have more components of Fantasy. The third detail that makes Coraline the film have more components of Fantasy is sound. The sound from the film can let you hear the characters manner of speaking while at the same time talking which informs you as to whether what they are stating sounds fantastical. Interestingly, you can hear foundation sounds and clamor. This adds to Fantasy since it lets you hear bizarre sounds out of sight that make it progressively fantastical. Interestingly, in the film you can hear how uproarious the character is talking. This can tell you how the character feels which includes to the fantastical components. I have now communicated my conclusion on which to use to show the Fantasy sort. Coraline the film has numerous components and instances of Fantasy. Coraline the film ought to be utilized in schools to show the Fantasy class in light of the fact that the sounds, livelinesss, and new or various characters all show more components and instances of the Fantasy classification than in the book. Since you have investigated numerous models and components of Fantasy in the film, I trust that you consider utilizing Coraline the film to show Fantasy in schools.

Free Essays on Martin Luther And Malcom X

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) Essay

Business Economics (Principal Agent Theory) - Essay Example Truth be told investigators and the ordinary citizens were shocked at the high hazard attempted by such enormous organizations as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. Truth be told Bear Stearns Cos. was gained by JP Morgan Chase and Co notwithstanding being the for the biggest venture bank at one purpose of time. Specialists have since a long time ago scrutinized such absence of foreknowledge in chance taking. Anyway one significant factor which are not regularly raised in the investigations of this issue is the remuneration of officials particularly those which are motivating force based. As examined by the specialists, years before this emergency occurred, the officials attempted the drawn out monetary steadiness as a bet to play with and concentrated more on transient monetary profits. (Keller and Stocker, 2008) Understanding this issue may forestall future perils and along these lines address the issue of liquidation by planning better pay courses of action. The issue of pay can be brok e down with the assistance of outlining the instance of Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns as delineated in the work â€Å"The Wages of Failure: Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000-2008† by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Alma Cohen and Holger Spamann in 2010. A board of business and approach specialists disliked this absence of spotlight on long haul worth and consistent quality and the weight on momentary advantages. The National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) proposed that the attention should lie on execution situated remuneration instead of estimating the presentation of the firm dependent on stock costs. Anyway the hole between such remuneration and the worth added to the American organizations started to increment. In 2007 in any event, when the home loan emergency advanced further, the rewards of Wall Street was at $33.2 billion, just 2 percent underneath the significant levels of 2006. The fall of Bear Stearns shows the issues realized by the tendency towards momentary achievement. (Keller and

Geography of Burma or Myanmar

Topography of Burma or Myanmar Populace: 53,414,374 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: Rangoon (Yangon)Bordering Countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, and ThailandLand Area: 261,228 square miles (676,578 sq km)Coastline: 1,199 miles (1,930 km)Highest Point: Hkakabo Razi at 19,295 feet (5,881 m)Burma, formally called the Union of Burma, is the biggest nation by territory situated in Southeast Asia. Burma is otherwise called Myanmar. Burma originates from the Burmese word Bamar which is the neighborhood word for Myanmar. The two words allude to most of the populace being Burman. Since British provincial occasions, the nation has been known as Burma in English in any case, in 1989, the military government in the nation changed a large number of the English interpretations and changed the name to Myanmar. Today, nations and world associations have settled on their own which name to use for the nation. The United Nations for instance, calls it Myanmar, while numerous English talking nations call it Burma.History of Burm aBurmas early history is overwhelmed by the progressive principle of a few diverse Burman lines. The first of these to bind together the nation was the Bagan Dynasty in 1044 CE. During their standard, Theravada Buddhism rose in Burma and an enormous city with pagodas and Buddhist religious communities was worked along the Irrawaddy River. In 1287, in any case, the Mongols devastated the city and assumed responsibility for the area.In the fifteenth century, the Taungoo Dynasty, another Burman tradition, recaptured control of Burma and as per the U.S. Division of State, set up an enormous multi-ethnic realm that was centered around extension and the triumph of A mongol area. The Taungoo Dynasty kept going from 1486 to 1752.In 1752, the Taungoo Dynasty, was supplanted by the Konbaung, the third and last Burman administration. During Konbaung rule, Burma experienced a few wars and was attacked multiple times by China and multiple times by the British. In 1824, the British started their proper success of Burma and in 1885, it oversaw Burma in the wake of attaching it to British India .During World War II, the 30 Comrades, a gathering of Burmese patriots, endeavored to drive out the British, however in 1945 the Burmese Army joined British and U.S. troops with an end goal to drive out the Japanese. After WWII, Burma again pushed for freedom and in 1947 a constitution was finished trailed by full autonomy in 1948.From 1948 to 1962, Burma had a majority rule government yet there was across the board political insecurity inside the nation. In 1962, a military overthrow took over Burma and set up a military government. All through the remainder of the 1960s and into the 1970s and 1980s, Burma was strategically, socially and financially precarious. In 1990, parliamentary decisions occurred yet the military system wouldn't recognize the results.During the mid 2000s, the military system stayed in charge of Burma in spite of a few endeavors for oust and dissents for an increasingly fair government. On August 13, 2010, the military government reported that parliamentary races would occur on November 7, 2010.Government of BurmaToday Burmas government is as yet a military system that has seven managerial divisions and seven states. Its official branch is comprised of a head of state and h ead of government, while its authoritative branch is a unicameral Peoples Assembly. It was chosen in 1990, however the military system never permitted it to be situated. Burmas legal branch comprises of remainders from the British pioneer period yet the nation has no reasonable preliminary certifications for its citizens.Economics and Land Use in BurmaBecause of severe government controls, Burmas economy is insecure and quite a bit of its populace lives in neediness. Burma is in any case, wealthy in common assets and there is some industry in the nation. All things considered, a lot of this industry depends on horticulture and the handling of its minerals and different assets. Industry incorporates agrarian preparing, wood and wood items, copper, tin, tungsten, iron, concrete, development materials, pharmaceuticals, compost, oil and flammable gas, articles of clothing, jade and jewels. Horticultural items are rice, beats, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane, hardwood, fish and fish products.Geography and Climate of BurmaBurma has a long coastline that outskirts the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Its geography is commanded by focal marshes that are ringed by steep, rough seaside mountains. The most elevated point in Burma is Hkakabo Razi at 19,295 feet (5,881 m). The atmosphere of Burma is viewed as tropical storm and as such it has sweltering, muggy summers with downpour from June to September and dry mellow winters from December to April. Burma is additionally inclined to dangerous climate like violent winds. For instance in May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit the countrys Irrawaddy and Rangoon divisions, cleared out whole towns and left 138,000 individuals dead or missing.ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (3 August 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Burma. Recovered from: https://www.cia.gov/library/distributions/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Myanmar: History, Geography, Government, and Culture-Infoplease.com. Recovered from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107808.html#axzz0wnnr8CKBUnited States Department of State. (28 July 2010). Burma. Recovered from: state.gov/r/dad/ei/bgn/35910.htmWikipedia.com. (16 August 2010). Burma - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclope dia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma

Women in Hamlet

In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the jobs of ladies are reliant on men. There are just two ladies in the play who have an immediate relationship with Hamlet. Ophelia, who turned upward incredibly towards Polonius, Laertes who affects her life just as Hamlet. The other female job is Gertrude, Hamlets mother continually attempting to dazzle the men throughout her life her child as well as past relationships. As these ladies are the most significant female characters in the play it is first appeared through Ophelia. Ophelia isn't autonomous as she needs to depend on men, for example, her dad, sibling and boyfriend.First, she is significantly devoted for her dad energetically to do what he demands her to manage decisively. Polonius offers her guidance to take in a solid way to sever it with Hamlet realizing she should tune in. She reacts with deference â€Å"I will comply, my lord† (I. iii. 136). She discloses to him that she will do as he asks complying with his orders, since he is the just a single she may go to until she gets hitched. Not ready to settle on choices for herself whichever way for the reality in the event that she wedded Hamlet he would make them for her.Also, Hamlet was the man she considered going through her time on earth with and was happy to do what he would ask of her attempting to win his friendship. Albeit, subsequent to tuning in to her dad, by consenting to quit seeing Hamlet, he over responds on her with outrage, ridiculing in which her notoriety is demolished and how she will never discover a man. She doesn't safeguard herself after these remarks realizing you can't fight against a male, yet later cries to wish he didn't respond that way â€Å"Oh, poor me/T' have seen what I have seen, see what I see!† (III. I. 160-1).Requiring the craving to satisfy all men, this causes her to feel horrible in spite of the fact that she satisfied her dad. Another impact she essentially appreciates and regards is her sibling Laertes. Prior to his leave, he offered her incredible guidance in which she assessed since her sibling resembled a good example, promising, â€Å"I will the impact of this great exercise keep/As gatekeeper to my heart. †(I. iii. 45-6). Needing to cause him to feel pleased and show demonstrate how she is equipped for dealing with herself.Later, with the loss of her dad and nonappearance of her sibling, just as being separated from the man she adores, is one reason to why her life closes early. She suffocates as clarified, that her article of clothing pulled her down. Additionally, it seems as though she had nobody around to propel her to battle to live, since none of the men are around to control her to do as such. Moreover, Ophelia a young lady is committed to keep the standards of men just as the Queen of Denmark additionally who depends on their comfort.Gertrude’s unmindful character makes her subject to the men throughout her life shadowing King Claudius as well as King Hamlet a nd her child Hamlet too. The affection for her child takes her life in disaster by drinking from the goblet of toxin that King Claudius gets ready for Hamlet. In spite of the fact that, she knows not to drink the vessel as the King cautions her not to, all things considered, does it at any rate represent as a giving up mother. Before her demise the last she says, â€Å"No, no, the beverage, the beverage! O my dear Hamlet! /The beverage, the beverage! I am poisin’d† (V.ii. 303-4).This delineates what occurs if ladies are insubordinate as she was to her significant other which prompted her passing and furthermore depicting how sparing Hamlets life was what she needed to do being benevolent and mindful. Moreover, Gertrudes requirement for consideration is seen after her speedy marriage following the demise of King Hamlet. Losing the sentiment of significance, where she needs, and quickly gets over her husband’s passing proceeding onward disclosing to villa, â€Å" Do not for ever with thy vailed tops/Seek for thy honorable dad in the dust† (I. ii. 70-1).Revealing how her estimations of warmth are far more prominent than her ethical honorableness and regard of herself not considering others approach on circumstances. Wedding King Claudius, she is profoundly reliant on him, who can convince her in imaginary thoughts others probably won't permit themselves to accept yet Gertrude continually does. For example, after, he knows about the passing of Polonius, attempts to make it sound like he is helping Hamlet with his eventual benefits when as a general rule he intends to execute him.As he guarantees the Queen, â€Å"It had been so with us, had we been there/His freedom is loaded with dangers to all† (IV.i. 13-4), the ruler endeavor to make sure about his own security first sending Hamlet off some place far by appearing as though it is for a more prominent intrest. Gertrude is careless in regards to her environmental factors which pres ent it simpler for the King to control what's more for her negligence for her own place and her definitive disarray. Gertrude is a solid character by her title just like the Queen, by the by compelled to obey and agree with reestablished thoughts by the King, losing consideration from King Hamlet and giving up herself for Hamlet.The lady of Shakespeare’s play Hamlet needs direction so as to accomplish satisfaction. Ophelia, seen faithful and respectful to her dad Polonius, sibling Laertes and tuning in to different guys, for example, Hamlet perceived all through the play, shows her commitment to make them satisfied. At long last, Gertrude has a high force thinking about all the ladies and even men, despite everything battles the battle between intriguing men so as to accomplish fulfillment. The two of them assume the latent jobs in the play; this shows all ladies were not estimated as equivalents.

Common Essay Topics For IELTS

Common Essay Topics For IELTSCommon essay topics for IELTS include subjects like employment, family, ethnicity, current events, education, religion, and politics. Not all topics will be suitable for all students.Job: Students often want to write about a current event or the situation they are currently in. For this topic, check out topics like the economy, layoffs, and layoffs at a specific company. Other topics include new laws and those regarding health care. Some students choose to include discussion on the challenges they face when looking for a job.Family: It's very easy to forget to include family in an essay. However, it's important to discuss the individual needs of family members. Discuss the things that make families unique, and the major differences between couples. As with any other topic, use a personal story to help you explain what you mean.Ethnicity: Students often choose ethnic groups to write about. Most schools have a topic related to the topic of ethnicity. The to pics could be related to a school, or they may be talking about traveling. Try to talk about everyday life in the minority.Current Events: Students often choose current events to discuss in an essay. They may choose current issues that affect them personally, or a problem they face at work. Research current events to see which ones have relevance to your student. They should not include a partisan point of view.Education: Education is another common topic for many students. It can be difficult to discuss education without using the words' education. Try to use every example of education that you can, such as educational learning, learning for knowledge, and education for life. Explore how the word 'education' is used in different situations to help students understand it better.Religion: Students often choose religion as a topic for their essay. They may feel pressure to answer a question of belief or find religion relevant to some aspect of their life. These topics are very common. Once you've chosen the possible topics for your student, you'll need to think about what format best suits your student. There are several essay writing formats available to writers. The best format to use depends on the style of writing you prefer.

The Barrow Plantation After the Civil War in America - 550 Words

American History: The Barrow Plantation After the Civil War in America (Coursework Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateAmerican HistorySeveral changes occurred in the Barrow Plantation after the Civil War, the changes included: former slaves became tenant farmers and David C. Barrow the land owner began renting plots of land to tenant families who planted cotton and other crops. Mr. Barrow of Oglethorpe became one of the first planters to divide his plantations into farms. Before the war, all the Negros lived in the quarters which were houses close to each other, everything else in the place was under the absolute rule of an overseer (Barrow, 835). The size of land that was used for planting was between twenty-five and thirty acres, about half of which was planted cotton and the rest corn and patches of vegetableThe Indians experienced the challenge of lack of titles to land which was a great drawback since obviously no white nor Indian man could devote his energy to cultivate and improve land which he has no valid and sure title. The government also failed to p rotect Indians even in the exclusive land occupancy and to protect property pledged to them under stipulations of the treaty. The onward sweeping tide of emigration overran them altogether, despoiling them of their homes and possessions. We also find Christian Reformers sought to improve the lives of Indians; they tried to induce them to accept civilization at the same time induce their government to be just, kind and generous to Indians.A populist orator from Kansas called Annie L. Diggs identifies 25 prominent women speakers and editors who played crucial roles in the Farmers Alliance and the Populist Party. Amongst them was Mrs. Mary E. Lease who rose to prominence as a platform speaker for the political party. Women mostly did farm work, due to their fear for the future of their children, they fiercely protected them from devouring and devastating plutocracyThese primary sources are historically valuable in helping us to understand the past and history in general since through them we learn about the striking changes in the Southern agriculture during reconstruction. We learn that after the civil war, the former slaves who remained signed labor contracts e.g. with owner David C. Barrow and they also grew cotton for wages in competing squads. They were paid a portion of the crop as wages to keep them interested. We also learn that men and women had different roles in farming, the labor of the farm was performed by men who did the plowing while their wives and children did the hoeing as he directed.We learn that The Dawes Act of 1887 made Indians landowner citizens of The United States and corrected the problem of inability of Indians who were not citizens to contest in U.S. courts the fraudulent seizure of their lands (Washburn and Wilcomb,223). The Act, however, reduced Indian landholdings by nearly 65%.The sources teach us about the role that women played in politics, for instance, we see that women of the Farmers Alliance greatly helped in political vi ctory of the people of Kansas; they were eloquent and excellent public speakers. They took part in forming great ethical foundations in the labor mo...

The Ethics Of Public Health - 863 Words

When it comes to the ethic of public health and medical health, they hold two totally different definitions. The ethics of public health is when the focus is more on the freedoms of privacy and actions, as long as they do not harm others.â€Å"In public health ethics, autonomy, the right of privacy, and freedom of action are recognized in so far as they do not result in harm to others† (Williams Torrens, 2008). When considering medical ethics the focus on the concerns of individuals and their liberties and freedom of choice. â€Å"In Medical ethics, the concern is with privacy individual liberty, freedom of choice, and self-control of the individual† (Williams Torrens, 2008). Two examples of codified ethical standard of public health is in an†¦show more content†¦The respective roles of differing ethical standards include autonomy, beneficence and justice. Autonomy from a medical aspect is more concerned with the privacy of the individual and their liberty. F rom a public standpoint it is the right of the privacy of the individual and their freedom. Beneficence from a medical stance is when the focus is more on doing no harm to others as well as doing good and promoting the welfare of individuals around you. From a public stance it is when that is the goal of the population. Justice in a medical view is when the focus is on assisting individuals who are at a disadvantage when it comes to their health or even healthcare. From a public point this would be the ensuring the opportunity to equal treatment, as well as equity in benefits of the total population. This differences can be resolved by ensuring that everyone does their part to ensure that they are not only doing what they can to lead healthy lives but the are also willing to ensure that they can help others around them to do the same. The healthcare system should not be over utilized therefor allowing people who actually need serious operations and services could possible be availa ble to them. I the population would take more charge in their lifestyles and the way they take care of themselves then there would not be as many healthcare issues n this country. I personally do not think these issues will beShow MoreRelatedEthics And Public Health Ethics851 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishable differences between medical ethics and public health ethics. Medical ethics pertain primarily to the individual that is involved in the care paradigm (Coleman, Bouà «sseau, Reis, Capron, 2007). Public health ethics, by contrast, are focused primarily on the health of the population as a whole. The American Public Health Association has published its own code of public health ethics that it felt most appropriately provided guiding principles to the public health sector (Thomas, Sage, DillenbergRead MoreThe Ethics Of Public Health Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ â€Å"Public health practitioners by virtue of our role have special responsibilities for ethical conduc t and ethical practices that go beyond meeting minimum legal and regulatory standards.† – American Public Health Association adopted a code of ethics developed by the Public Health Leadership Society. †¢ APHA’s code of Ethics identifies: o Values and beliefs that are key assumptions underlying a public health perspective of health, community, and bases for action o Principles of the ethical practiceRead MoreEthics in Public Health Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) estimated 1,106,400 individuals residing in the United States and the District of Columbia were living with HIV. Of those living with the disease nearly 1 in 5 (21%) did not know they have it. In addition health care workers, counselors have been challenged with multiple consequences of this disease, particularly denial about the condition and self-imposed isolation. When a person discovers they have the disease it is up to them to disclose their positiveRead MoreEthics Of Public Health, And Healthcare1857 Words   |  8 Pagesis that long term consumption of high fat, high sugar foods and drinks lead to many health problems, so making them more expensive and less accessible should decrease the health issues related to their consumption. The main ethical concerns that have been raised with the idea of implementing a fat tax are: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice that the tax would bring or take away from the public. While obesity is a significant issue, costing the US economy approximately $20 billionRead MoreEthics, Public Health, And Environmental Safety3018 Words   |  13 Pagesengineering and the adoption of transgenic crops, a new set of questions regarding ethics, public health, and environmental safety has grown from a theoretical concern to one that must be considered as genetic engineering plays an increasingly large role in our everyday lives. As genetically modified (GM) food has entered the marketplace, these ethical questions have fallen not just to scientists but to the public at large, and the issue has grown into a massive, polarized debate with no signs ofRead MorePublic Health Ethics : Legal Analysis1758 Words   |  8 PagesBrian Dominguez GPH – 704 Public Health Ethics – Legal Analysis (Patient w/Tuberculosis) Introduction: In the fall of 2005, a homeless man from another state arrived in Maine who has been incompletely treated for tuberculosis (TB). He had several incarcerations within the next year and exposed the disease to other inmates. In addition, he exposed the disease to people at the homeless shelter; more than 100 persons were exposed between the shelter and county jail and transmission to 6 homelessRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And The Law Of The Public Health, Safety, And Welfare981 Words   |  4 Pagesfield. In each one of these fields, there is a certain code of ethics that must be lived and maintained, by the engineer themselves. There are lists of the different ethics models, but to list a few: there is Rule-Based Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and the NCEES ethical code. All of these individual codes clearly states, and sets guidelines for the engineers to follow and live by. These ethics set the standard and obligations that engineers and their partnersRead More Codes of Ethics in Health Care Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide a procedure if a code violation occurs. Medical ethics began as a professional code for physicians and has now expanded and includes a variety of health care professions and health care organizations. The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today may be compromised or not appropriately addressed (Littleton et al., 2010). Identify Codes of Ethics Applicable in My Professional Practice I am a memberRead MoreANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)Read MoreThe Health Of A Public Health Worker980 Words   |  4 Pagesable to have access to health care. I have seen many children who had physical disabilities that could have been prevented. In some cities in my homeland, people used and still walk for days to get basic medical treatments because there is no clinics or hospitals in their town or the surrounding cities. Many people used to die to diseases that could have been prevented with single vaccine. Therefore, since I was young child I always wanted to help peop le to have access to health care especially young

Understanding the Ninth Amendments Effect and History

The Ninth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution attempts to ensure that certain rights — while not specifically listed as being granted to the American people in the other sections of the Bill of Rights — should not be violated. The complete text of the Ninth Amendment states: â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.† Over the years, the federal courts have interpreted the Ninth Amendment as confirming the existence of such implied or â€Å"unenumerated† rights outside those expressly protected by the Bill of Rights. Today, the Amendment is often cited in legal attempts to prevent the federal government from expanding the powers of Congress specifically granted to it under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment, included as part of the original 12 provisions of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states on September 5, 1789, and was ratified on December 15, 1791. Why This Amendment Exists When the then proposed U.S. Constitution was submitted to the states in 1787, it was still strongly opposed by the Anti-Federalist Party, Led by Patrick Henry. One of their main objection to the Constitution as submitted was its omission of a list of rights specifically granted to the people — a â€Å"bill of rights.† However, the Federalist Party, led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, contended that it would be impossible for such a bill of rights to list all conceivable rights, and that a partial list would be dangerous because some might claim that because a given right was not specifically listed as protected, the government had the power to limit or even deny it. In an attempt to resolve the debate, the Virginia Ratifying Convention proposed a compromise in the form of a constitutional amendment stating that any future amendments limiting the powers of Congress should not be taken as justification for expanding those powers. This proposal led to the creation of the Ninth Amendment. Practical Effect Of all the amendments in the Bill of Rights, none is stranger or harder to interpret than the Ninth. At the time it was proposed, there was no mechanism by which the Bill of Rights could be enforced. The Supreme Court had not yet established the power to strike down unconstitutional legislation, and it was not widely expected to. The Bill of Rights was, in other words, unenforceable. So what would an enforceable Ninth Amendment look like? Strict Constructionism and the Ninth Amendment There are multiple schools of thought on this issue. Supreme Court justices who belong to the strict constructionist school of interpretation essentially say that the Ninth Amendment is too vague to have any binding authority. They push it aside as a historical curiosity, in much the same way that more modernist justices sometimes push the Second Amendment aside. Implicit Rights At the  Supreme Court level,  most justices do believe that the Ninth Amendment has binding authority, and they use it to protect implicit rights hinted at but not explicated elsewhere in the Constitution. Implicit rights include both the right to privacy outlined in  the landmark 1965 Supreme Court case of  Griswold v. Connecticut, but also basic unspecified rights such as the right to travel and the right to the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.   Writing in the Court’s majority opinion Justice William O. Douglas stated that â€Å"specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance.† In a lengthy concurrence, Justice Arthur Goldberg added, â€Å"The language and history of the Ninth Amendment reveal that the Framers of the Constitution believed that there are additional fundamental rights, protected from governmental infringement, which exist alongside those fundamental rights specifically mentioned in the first eight constitutional amendments.† Updated by Robert Longley

School Start Time And Its Impact On Adolescents - 959 Words

Later School Start Time and its Impact on Adolescents It is no secret that, similar to other animals, sleep is one of the most important things for a human being’s overall health. According to Watson and Breedlove, there are four main biological/neurological functions of sleep: energy conservation—the body uses less energy when it is asleep through what is called slow-wave sleep (SWS) by doing things such as reducing body temperature and slowing respiration; niche adaptation—the environmental happenings to which organisms are adapted to; body restoration—it restores materials used during awake hours; and memory consolidation—SWS and REM sleep help the brain consolidate memories from the previous day (2012). Sleep and Adolescents Based on the importance of sleep and on the vast amount of information available on the subject, it is surprising that many schools all over the United States still have an extremely early start time. Throughout adolescence, sleep is considered to be even more important as the amount of sleep needed does not drop significantly from childhood, however, the changes related to puberty show a delayed evening onset of melatonin causing a change in the circadian rhythm—a person’s â€Å"biological† clock—preference to evenings (Owens, Belon Moss, 2010). Because of this change, adolescents tend to present difficulties falling asleep prior 11pm and waking up prior to 8am could be causing issues from mood and attention problems, to even something less discussedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Adolescents And The Relationship That School Start Times997 Words   |  4 PagesFairfax County School Start Time: Analysis of the Policy To this point, the emphasis of the paper has been the social issue of sleep deprivation in adolescents and the relationship that school start times have with the issue. The focus now shifts to the evaluation on school start times and the associated policies in Fairfax County schools. Demographics of Fairfax County and its Schools Fairfax County is one of the largest counties in Northern Virginia with a population of 1,111,620 in 2013 (FairfaxRead MoreWhy School Should Start Later1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthen I fall asleep and the next time I wake up I realized I missed the bus! Does this happen to you? Because of early school starts I have to wake up super early which makes me super tired. School starts way too early! Should students have to wake up at unreasonably early times just to get to school on time? No, they shouldn t and school should start later because it causes many risks and problems in students lives. There are many reasons that school should start later, but the main reason is becauseRead MoreSocial Media Activity And Texting Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesweekday morning, over 15 million adolescents will wake up to attend school in the United States, at an average starting time of 8:00 a.m, which is often considerably earlier than their starting time during primary education (Wheaton 2012) . Although social media activity and texting are often blamed for causing sleeplessness in adolescents, these distractions are actually not to blame for students inability to get an appropriate amount of sleep or bad grades in school. In fact, the cause of studentsRead MoreSchool Start Times And High Quality Sleep999 Words   |  4 Pagesacross the country is school start times. Deciding the start times for schools is dependent on many factors including bus schedules (Edwards, 2012), biological development (Borlase, Gander, Gibson, 2013; Perkinson-Gloor, Lemola, Grob, 2013), and parental preference (Edwards, 2012; Perkinson-Gloor et al., 2013). School start times are considered one aspect that can affect sleep duration, since they affect wake time. Adequate, high quality sleep is extremely important for adolescents and inadequate sleepRead MoreSchool Start Time and Sleep1189 Words   |  5 Pagesget that much sleep. With schools starting as early as 7:00 a.m (School Start Time and Sleep), most teenagers are only getting 7 hours of sleep (Sleep in Adolescents (13-18 Years)). In fact, a recent poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation found that 60% of children under the age of 18 complained of being tired during the day, according to their parents, and 15% said they fell asleep at school during the year (School Start Time and Sleep). When entering school, many teenagers look likeRead MoreThe Body Of Knowledge Regarding Adolescent Sleep Deprivation861 Words   |  4 Pagesthousands of adolescents in the United States face issues of reduced performance, physiological effects, psychological problems, and safety issues every school day as a result of sleep deprivation. The body of knowledge regarding adolescent sleep deprivation is growing and the surprising results are beginning to result in new thinking and policies regarding school start times. Fairfax County in Northern Virginia and its policies regarding school start times is the focus of this paper. Adolescent SleepRead MoreGrade Z For Adolescents And Adolescents Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesGrade Z for Adolescents It is usually the teenage years that introduce the idea of juggling and managing time. Given that there is only 24 hours in a day, we are only really introduced to the idea of cramming as many activities and task in a day when our age turns to double-digits. At a certain age, students are suddenly hit with the long list of things they want or should do all at once. This consists of school, family time, social life, extra circular activities, a job, homework, and much moreRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood and adolescence development such as separation from both parents if they are divorced, delayed puberty because of malnutrition, adaptation to new environment and peer pressure . Positive impacts of peers and peer groups could be moral development, close friendships, and stability. Negative impacts of peers and peer groups could range from rejection, to bullying, and to no sense of belonging. During the Middle Childhood stage, children tend to look for a sense of belonging. As changes occurRead MoreRunning Head:Sleep Deprivation1329 Words   |  6 Pages ​ 1 Sleep Deprivation Adolescent Development St. Joeseph’s College Professor McCambley 05/08/2017 Stephanie Lino  Sleep Deprivation ​Sleep deprivation can effect development in a multitude of ways; it could be mental, emotional, or even physical. In some ways sleep deprivation is a very dangerous issue that can cause adolescents to have decreased cognitive functions and an increase in negative thoughts and feelingsRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1521 Words   |  7 Pagesalso share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The article â€Å"Media and Risky Behaviors† by Escobar-Chaves is discussed about the media effects that cause the risky behavior of the adolescents. In the article there are five types of teenager health risk behaviors identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Airline Industry A Financial Crisis Essay - 1686 Words

After 9/11 many airline companies will be facing a financial crisis that will shape America banks, stock pricing and insurance company’s community. Airline industry after 9/11, will make many changes to foreign policy and national policy, â€Å"the hardest hit business was the airline industry, which suffered major economic damage† (to, H. and Lee, D. (2005). I choose this topic because many Americans really don’t know how 9/11 crippled airline industry. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 was a turning point in American history, which killed over 2,000 people and which put fear in many businesses and people, â€Å"the terrorist attacks created a great deal of uncertainly for the industry† (Frey, B.S., Luechinger, S. and Stutzer, A. (2007)). 9/11 will show how a nation that pays no attention to the safely regulation of airline industry into something that will haunt America decade after the attack. This research paper will benefit to many busines s entrepreneurs to serve as a reference tool in the areas of business management, and macroeconomics. This topic can best serve as a good tool for other researcher’s on the subject of banking and finance. This paper will analyze the importance and will point out how 9/11 impact America airline industry. Definition of foreign markets and domestic market In this research paper, there are two concepts: foreign market and domestic market. As look deeper into the foreign market and domestic market we can see that 9/11 took a toll onShow MoreRelatedThe Demand Of The Airline Industry1436 Words   |  6 Pages The fuel crisis is no stranger to the business world, especially to the airline industry. Many airlines were forced to adopt new approaches to this high cost issue in order to stay afloat. The realistic concern of the effect to the consumer has not only impacted the cost to travel, but the profits for the airline industry. The 2008 US economic recession has greatly impacted how often people are traveling. Most consumers’ disposable income is very little and they categorize travel, especiallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Domestic Aviation Industry On The Domestic Airline Industry1508 Words   |  7 Pagessectors is the aviation industry, which falls under the transportation and logistics sector and is a major source of growth for the U.S economy in terms of revenue, capacity building and human development. This highlights the importance of the domestic aviation industry, and any factors that affect this industry are bound to have effects on the entire economy. The study aims to understand how changes in fuel prices, especially increases, have an impact on the domestic airline industry. The impact of theRead MoreCurrent Situation of Airline Industry1122 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent Situation of Airline Industry Since the airline industry was deregulated in the late 1970s, they shall hold the line on the number of planes they fly. The result is that the people by plane shall be more and more, and the fares shall become expensive. Because air transport is faster than other transportation methods, the people increasingly prefer to fly. The air transportation shall be an important transportation method in the future, and the people engaged in air transportation shall haveRead MoreThe Current Global Economic Crisis Would Change the Face of the Aviation Industry as We Know It Today- Is There Truth in the Statement?1029 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AVIATION Lucas Lee Executive Summary The current global economic crisis has changed the way aviation industry goes about its business. It has brought about a boom in low-cost carriers, which has made travelling by air cheaper for the masses. Services offered by airlines and airports are also of higher standards to make people want to travel by air. The economic downturn has seen a significant drop of investments in the aviation market. Airport ground handlers andRead MoreA Decline in Revenue at Quantas1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthink that this airplane industry is having a decline in revenue problem. So I interested to analyze this airplane company. But before I analyze this company, I want to explain a little bit about this airplane industry. A Qantas airway is an airplane industry from Queensland, Australia, and the head office of this airlines industry located in Sydney, Australia. This industry was found by 3 people named Paul McGuiness, Hudson Fysh, and the last one is Arthus Baird. This industry was founded on the 16thRead MoreEvaluation Of Sia s Strategic Management And The Challenges Faced By Sia1497 Words   |  6 Pagescountries carriers which have given an exceptional international reputation to the airlines and via code-sharing with the members of Star Alliance partnership it has extended its network globally. This allowed SIA to sell the tickets on one another’s flights and extend the service to additional destinations (Reference for business, 2012). b) Economic factors: In 2008, SIA faced huge losses due to the global financial crisis and the increase in oil price. The annual inflation rate increased from 0.6%Read MoreQantas Swot Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesDiversified Business : Qantas range of subsidiary business operates in different sector but all of them supporting airlines industry’s activity, such as catering, baggage handling and engineer. This also helped them to control supplier and aircraft maintenance cost. †¢ Oneworld Alliance Oneworld Alliance is a management company founded by Qantas, American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines and Cathay Pacific. Purpose of this centralized management company is to helping each other with non†coreRead MoreHow Spirit Airlines With American Airlines Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesWHY I CHOSE THIS COMPANY Founded in 1964, Spirit Airlines actually began operations in the trucking industry under the name â€Å"Clippert Trucking Company,† based in Michigan. In subsequent years the firm encountered many changes in name, headquarters, as well as shifted into different industries entirely. In 1983, the company branched out into the charter tour operating sector, as â€Å"Charter One.† Particularly, they provided tours to entertainment destinations such as Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and theRead MoreThe Cause of Financial Distress in Airlines Industry Introduction According to International Air1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Financial Distress in Airlines Industry Introduction According to International Air Transport Association (IATA), global airline industry has a history of 100 years (2014). Today, there were more than 3 billion passengers and 50 million tonnes of cargo reach their destination through the wonder of flight every year, supporting over 57 million jobs and $2.2 trillion in economic activity (IATA, 2014). The airline industry plays a crucial role in economic because it helps in opening upRead MoreA Financial Analysis Of Spirit Airlines Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesA FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SPIRIT AIRLINES WHY I CHOSE THIS COMPANY Founded in 1964, Spirit Airlines actually began operations in the trucking industry under the name â€Å"Clippert Trucking Company,† based in Michigan. In subsequent years the firm encountered many changes in name, headquarters, as well as shifted into different industries entirely. In 1983, the company branched out into the charter tour operating sector, as â€Å"Charter One.† Particularly, they provided tours to entertainment destinations

Security Architecture and Plan for the Federation University Australia

Question: Discuss the security architecture and plan for the Federation University Australia. Answer: Introduction Federation University, Australia is one of the prime universities of the country with an approximate count of over 23,000 international and domestic students along with the staff members. The University has its base in Ballarat with several other campuses in Australia. There are a number of departments in FedUni as marketing, business, human resources, training and education, finance, health, housing, quality assurance, IT security, IT help desk and research and development. Every single department deals with sensitive and confidential pieces of information and protection of the same is of prime importance. Security Controls CIA Triad It is necessary to protect the three components of this triad to have an effective security mechanism in place. CIA Triad Confidentiality Confidential information is something that requires a high degree of protection and any damage to the same may result in adverse impacts. For instance, the informationr elates to exam papers and student results is confidential in nature for the university and must be kept private with security. Integrity It refers to the authroized modification of the information at all the sources. Any unwanted or unauthorized modification to information may lead to a huge damage to the information. Such as, if the exam paper is changed at one campus by unauthorized means and not at other locations, it would lead to violation of information integrity. Availability It must be possible for the users to access the university information at all places and at all times. It also means to keep all the components in the infrastructure such as hardware, software and the network up and running at all times so that the services are not hampered in any which way [1]. Types of Controls Types of Security Controls Technical Controls Access Control Lists (ACLs) There are different user accounts that are associated with the univeristy such that for full-time students, part-time scholars, distant learners and staff. Accesses and privileges that are provided to each of the user type is different in nature and the same must be managed well such that there are no unauthroized accesses granted to any user. Strong access methods such as combination of user id and password along with an alert to the mobile phones must be set up as credentials to enter the system [2]. Encryption All the univeristy owned devices such as computers and mobile devices should be fully encrypted to avoid the possibility of any attack. Encryption Process Identification and Authentication There must be a limit set up on the number of attempts that are allowed to enter a system. Authentication servers must be efficient enough to detect and prevent the attacks. Audit Trails These must be set up to record all of the activities to provide aid in the inrusion detection system [3]. Physical Controls Security Guards These must be put up at all the entry and exit points of the univeristy at all the campuses located country wide. Identity checks and cards While entering or exiting the campus or a secure area such as a laboratory or library, every member should be allowed to enter and exit only at a swip in/out of a unique identity card issued by the university at the time of admission. Motion Alarms If any intruder tries to enter the campus or a protected area in the campus through unauthorized means, these alarms must get activated by detecting the motion. Closed-circuit Surveillance Cameras These camers must be put up at different locations in all the campuses to keep a track of all the activities that happen [4]. Administrative Controls Training and Awareness The users must be kept up to date with all the security policies and mechanism that have been implemented. Disaster recovery plans There might be incidences of attacks in spite of the tightest of the security and the management should put forward a mechnism in place to recover the losses in a quick turnaround time. Incident Response plan Same is with the response that must be provided in case of an incident. There must be a plan in place to deal with the same. Personnel Recruitments Strategies These strategies must be kept in place to have the proper recruitment procedure in place for all the campuses [5]. Reasons for using the controls Protection through Security Controls These security control are necessary for the organization in order to: Protect the confidentiality of the information and provide the high degree of protection to maintain the same and prevent the attacks that may hamper the confidentialty of the system. Maintainenace of integrity of the information as the technical, physical and administrative controls would make sure that there are no unwanted modifications done on the system or any component of the same. Keep the information available at all the times by protecting it from the various sources of attacks and intrusion. Keep the system free from malicious code and software such as worms, trojan horses, bombs and viruses. Prevent the network attacks such as man-in-the-middle attacks, denial of service and distributed denial of service. Keep a track of any malicious insiders present in the system and also to minimise the inadequate due diliegence with the help of administrative controls. Risk Mitigation There are a number of risks that may occur for the university which are as described below: Financial Risks It alludes to conceivable changes to the financial estimation of riches on account of varieties in real money adjusts (that is, liquidity) or in assets. Operational Risks These are maybe the most vital and far reaching wellspring of non-money related danger and as needs be is the main type of non-monetary danger against which banks are unequivocally required to hold capital. It grasps the dangers emerging from the disappointment of frameworks, controls or individuals [6]. Security Risks There can be risks associated with the security and provacy of the information such as attack of malicious progrmas, denial of service attack, data breach, data loss and man in the middle attack. Natural Hazards These are the risks that may arise out of natural calamities and hazards and may cause damage to the property and in severe cases to the human resources as well [7]. There are some of the risks such as failure of delivery by the supplier, curriculum risks such as those arise in the ciriculum activities and workplace violence which may result in serious damages. These can be tackled with the help of effective incident response and disaster recovery mechanisms installed in the campuses. Incident Response Planning There might be incidents of severe damages that may take place in the university. For instance, there might be an event wherein there is a violence between the students over a matter. In such a scenario, the incident must be reported to the staff and the higher authorities. Also, there could be failute of network in a particular campus. In such a case, the matter must be reported to the network team and administrator to resolve the same in quick time [8]. Disaster Recovery Planning The functioning of the university is largely dependent upon the virtual networks and information technology. There may be events of attacks such as those of viruses and worms which may wipe out the entire database. A timely backup should be taken as per the disaster recovery technique to restore the database to its orginial form in a rapid turnaround time [9]. Business Continuity Planning This is an area that concerns the continuity of the business and its operations and performs an impact analysis to get an insight to the same. Gap analysis is one of the prime function of this planning which points out the gaps between the recovery and requirements capabilites [10]. HIDS and NIDS Host Based Intrision Detection Systems popularly known as HIDS alludes to interruption discovery that happens on a solitary host framework. As of now, HIDS includes introducing an operator on the nearby host that screens and reports on the framework design and application action. Some basic capacities of HIDS frameworks incorporate log examination, occasion relationship, uprightness checking, approach implementation, rootkit recognition, and alerting1. They regularly likewise can gauge a host framework to identify varieties in framework setup. In particular seller executions these HIDS specialists additionally permit availability to other security frameworks [11]. Host Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) Network based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) on the other hand, looks for a suspicious activity or movement on the system. It is possible to set up a NIDS on the entire server to detect any of the unwanted activity or to set this up for specific parts of the server which are more probable and open to such attacks. It is also possible to filter the framework records with this system and to have the information handy in a separate section to look at the same later on. Any changes are quickly judged with the help of an efficient NIDS set up and the records log is also seen to match up any activity to detect the possibility of intrusion. The approach that is followed by this specific type of intrusion detection is pro-active in nature rather preventive or defensive. These are capable of detecting the real time detection as well. Network Based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) There are a number of striking differences between the two intrusion detection systems as: Point of Difference HIDS NIDS Protection off the LAN Provides protection Does not provide protection Versatility More versatile Less versatile Price More affordable Price range is usually high Training Less training is required More training is required Bandwidth Requirements Does not use LAN bandwidth Uses LAN bandwidth Network Overhead Less High usually double Spanning port switching requirements Not required Required Cross platform compatibility Less compatible More compatible Local machine registry scans Allows Does not allow PAN scan Allows Does not allow Packet rejection Does not allow Allows Central management Less centrally managed More centrally managed Disable risk factor Lower Higher Single point of failure Multiple LAN detection nodes More comprehensive Less comprehensive Differences between HIDS and NIDS In the event that taking a gander at HIDS or NIDS guarantee that one must discover a seller that has great specialized reinforcement and that has the example documents gushing out when there are new vulnerabilities discharged into the wild much like an antivirus application. On the off chance that there is LAN transmission capacity limitations it is exceptionally doable to take a gander at a HIDS. On the off chance that cost is an issue some NIDS arrangements are significantly more costly when contrasted with a HIDS arrangement as there is a capital expense on the equipment and a few merchants charge extensively more for the product [12]. Signature Based Detection This is the detection system that is more along the lines of interruption identification than firewalls. Be that as it may, numerous individual firewalls and some corporate firewalls contain this usefulness. Basically, the framework can be designed to search for particular examples, known not pernicious, and hinder the movement. All together for this strategy to be successful, the signatures must be redesigned consistently. Generally as new infection dangers are discharged frequently, making the requirement for signature redesigns, new dangers against the hosts are found consistently. Upgrading signatures requires an instrument pretty much as signature overhauls for antivirus programming requires a component. The significant point of interest to this technique lies in the way that it can piece assaults notwithstanding when the principle set would permit the activity. In the case of giving administrations, for example, a Web webpage, then one must permit activity for that administrati on into the PC. As opposed to being helpless before each bundle bound to port 80, with an item that can identify particular assaults, it is realized that one is shielded from known noxious activities [13]. Anomaly Based Detection This one is situated in light of characterizing the system conduct. The system conduct is as per the predefined conduct, then it is acknowledged or else it triggers the occasion in the anomaly location. The acknowledged system conduct is arranged or learned by the particulars of the system heads. The critical stage in characterizing the system conduct is the IDS cycle capacity to slice through the different conventions at all levels. The Cycle must have the capacity to prepare the conventions and comprehend its objective. In spite of the fact that this convention examination is computationally costly, the advantages it produces like expanding the guideline set aides in less false positive cautions. The real disadvantage of anomaly recognition is characterizing its principle set. The productivity of the framework relies on upon how well it is executed and tried on all conventions. Principle characterizing procedure is additionally influenced by different conventions utilized by differ ent sellers. Aside from these, custom conventions additionally make standard characterizing a troublesome employment. For identification to happen accurately, the itemized information about the acknowledged system conduct should be produced by the managers. Be that as it may, once the standards are characterized and convention is fabricated then anomaly location frameworks functions admirably. In the event that the pernicious conduct of the client falls under the acknowledged conduct, then it goes unnoticed. A movement, for example, catalog traversal on a focused on powerless server, which follows system convention, effortlessly goes unnoticed as it doesn't trigger any out-of-convention, payload or data transfer capacity impediment banners. The significant favorable position of anomaly based location over signature-based cycles is that a novel assault for which a signature does not exist can be recognized in the event that it drops out of the typical movement designs. This is watche d when the frameworks distinguish new robotized worms. On the off chance that the new framework is contaminated with a worm, it as a rule begins filtering for other defenseless frameworks at a quickened rate filling the system with noxious movement, along these lines bringing about the occasion of a TCP association or transmission capacity variation from the norm principle [14]. References [1]C. Bradford and C. Bradford, "Why the CIA Triad Is the New Standard For Information Security - StorageCraft Technology Corporation", StorageCraft Technology Corporation, 2015. [2] Lancaster, 2016. [3] Moct.gov.sy, 2016. [4]"Security Controls", Access.redhat.com, 2016. [5]"Security Controls for Computer Systems: Report of Defense ScienceBoard Task Force on Computer Security - RAND Report R-609-1 | RAND", Rand.org, 2016. [6]"Understanding and managing risk", OpenLearn, 2016. [8] Sans.org, Sans.org, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016]. [9]"How to write a disaster recovery plan and define disaster recovery strategies", ComputerWeekly, 2016. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016]. [10]"Business Continuity Plan | Ready.gov", Ready.gov, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016]. [11]"SANS - Information Security Resources", Sans.org, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016]. [12]R. Magalhaes, "Host-Based IDS vs Network-Based IDS (Part 1)", WindowSecurity.com, 2003. [Online]. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016]. [13]L. Yeo, "Signature-Based Detection | Choosing a Personal Firewall | InformIT", Informit.com, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2016].

Terrorism and Religion for Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick

Question: Discuss about theTerrorism and Religion for Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick. Answer: Terrorism is one of the major threats which the world is facing at the moment and the mitigation of this is very important for the maintaining the harmony as well as the status quo of the world (Jongman 2017)[1]. It is significant to note that in the present times there are various reasons for the rise in the number of the terrorists activities which the world is facing at the moment like the economic condition of the various third world countries of the world, the injustices which the various communities or segments feel have been committed against them and various others (Nacos 2016)[2]. Therefore, religious terrorism is on the rise and many people are becoming victims to this particular evil. It is often seen that many culprits use the name of religion to justify their terrorist and other anti-social activities which cause a significant amount of damage to the other innocent people of the society (Spalek 2012)[3]. This paper seeks to compare and contrast two article related to the genre of terrorist activities, namely, The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities by Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick and the article What's so religious about religious terrorism? by Jeroen Gunning and Richard Jackson in the context of the views articulated by them in their articles. The article The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities written by the authors Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick and published in the International Review of Law, Computers Technology in the year 2011 seeks to give an overview of the terrorism and also the concept of counter-terrorism and the role of the religion in the process (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[4]. The article puts special emphasis on the role of the Muslim religion in the process of terrorism and how this particular religion is used by the various people to justify their anti-social activities which lead to a destruction of many valuable lives and property on a yearly basis (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[5]. The authors also seek to analyze the various legislations and policies which have been developed to counter the increasing number of terrorist activities in the various Muslim nations (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[6]. The article What's so religious about religious terrorism? by the authors Jeroen G unning and Richard Jackson published in the Critical Studies on Terrorism in the year 2011 also seeks to provide an overview of the concept of terrorism and it seeks to validate the concept of religious terrorism which is being committed in the various nations of the world in the name of the religion (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[7]. Furthermore, the article argues that the distinctions typically drawn between religious and secular terrorism are problematic (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[8]. Moreover, the article also seeks to provide an overview of the concept of the political religion and tries to relate it to the current definitions of terrorism (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[9]. It is to be noted that whereas the first article by the authors Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick seeks to repudiate the concept of terrorism and criticizes the role of religion in the process of terrorism (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[10] whereas the second article by the authors Jeroen Gunning and Richard Jackson, on the other hand, seeks the validate the concept of religious terrorism and also the concept of political religion which the major terrorist organizations of the world as well as the individuals use to justify their acts of criminality and terrorism (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[11]. Furthermore, it is to be noted that whereas the article by Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick focuses on the various legislations passed by the diverse nations of the world like the United Kingdom and others to curb the rising terrorist activities in the various Muslim nations of the world (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[12]. The article by the authors Jeroen Gunning and Richard Jackson, on the ot her hand, focuses on the role of beliefs and institutional structures, religious or otherwise, in producing political violence (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[13]. Furthermore, both the articles articulate the concept that just the development of policies as well as legislations is not enough. The various first world nations of the world also need to find out and analyze the major reasons behind the growing number of terrorist activities and address them in the most effective manner in a bid to resolve the evil of terrorism which the majority of the nations of the world are facing at the moment (Richardson 2013)[14]. In addition to these the various nations of the world also needs to develop other relevant strategies for the mitigation of this particular risk faced by the world presently (Spalek 2012)[15]. The primary strength of the article The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities can be said to be the penetrating insight which it provides into the concept of terrorism and the role which religion plays in the process of terrorism. Another significant strength of the article can be said to be the fact that it also tries to show how religion is used by the various people to justify their terrorist activities (Choudhury and Fenwick 2011)[16]. On the other hand, the strength of the article What's so religious about religious terrorism? can be said to be the fact that it seek it provide an insight into the process of religious terrorism and also seeks to validate the use of the concept of religion in the process of terrorism (Gunning and Jackson 2011)[17]. The weakness of the article The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities can be said to be fact that the article fails to take into consideration the role played by the other factors in the process of terrorism. The sole focus of the article is on the role which religion plays in the terrorism and not on the major factors. The weakness of the article What's so religious about religious terrorism? can be said to be the fact that the article puts too much emphasis on the concept of political religion and seeks to validate the concept of religious terrorism which is completely unethical. To conclude, it becomes evident that the problem of terrorism is one of the major issues which the world is facing at the present moment. It is significant to note that the various individuals use the concept of religion and other factors to justify their acts of criminality and brutal behavior which should not be the case. Therefore, the world needs to address this particular evil as it causes a significant amount of damage to property as the loss of lives on an annual basis. It is a reflection of this that the various nations of the world have developed certain legislations and policies related to the control of terrorism in the various nations of the world. However, just the mere development of policies is not enough the various first world nations of the world also need to address the major issues which give rise to the various terrorist activities. References Combs, C.C., 2017.Terrorism in the twenty-first century. Routledge. Jeroen Gunning and Richard Jackson 2011. What's so religious about religious terrorism?, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 4:3, 369-388, DOI: 10.1080/17539153.2011.623405 Jongman, A.J., 2017.Political terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature. Routledge. Martin, G., 2017.Understanding terrorism: Challenges, perspectives, and issues. SAGE publications. Nacos, B., 2016.Mass-mediated Terrorism: mainstream and digital media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Rowman Littlefield. Richardson, L., 2013.The roots of terrorism. Routledge. Spalek, B. ed., 2012.Counter-terrorism: Community-based approaches to preventing terror crime. Palgrave Macmillan. Tufyal Choudhury and Helen Fenwick 2011. The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities, International Review of Law, Computers Technology, 25:3, 151-181, DOI: 10.1080/13600869.2011.617491

Music a Magicful Medicine free essay sample

A Magical Medicine Fine arts always have been a good way to express oneself for thousand years. One of them Is a magical and a powerful way to affect people,both negatively and positively. Music Is not Just a way to fun or Just an art. Almost everyone loves It,some of them say that they can not live without It. However,above all,music Is able to do many things. There are a lot of ways that music effects people. As It was mentioned above, music has both negative and positive effects on us. But these effects are usually positive. First of all, and it is the most interesting affect maybe, it can cure diseases. Of course it can not be as effective as pills but it really helps during the cure. Due to the fact that music has an enormous affect on human brain, it helps Alchemies mostly and it is used as a rehabilitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Music: a Magicful Medicine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It reduces the worst effect of the disease: it brings back the lost memories. Until today, a lot of patients made a good progress by listening to music. In addition, music also repairs patients brains damage, like Kenny Roger Effect.It is a vacation that shows how music can repair a human brain. Because songs by country performer Rogers were among the stroke patients preferred tunes,we were thinking of calling this the Kenny Rogers Effect. was said In an Interview by Dry Sotto. And Interestingly, Rogers songs also provided the greatest benefits, according to some study findings. Another disease which music can be used as a cure is cancer, maybe the most dangerous one ever. Just like in Alchemies, there are a lot of good examples which can prove musics effects on cancer.Firstly, it reduces stress and makes people feel more cheerful. We all know that what kind of ones we listen to can change our mood easily, we can suddenly start crying or feeling better Just by listening to music. During the cancer rehabilitation, patients moods, feelings and thoughts are very important. Music can raise patients spirit and help them to feel better and less stressful. On the other hand, music is a very good way to learn and understand easily. Because of that, It can be applied education, especially In childhood.Music helps children during their education life. It Is a really effective way to make a good progress In education. According to the last researches, children who play a musical Instrument are more successful In their school life than the others. The reason is simple: Playing an instrument makes a lot of parts of your brain work at the same time which is a very beneficial thing,especially for children. By the same token, children who interest in music are also more successful than the others. There are two benefits of music for children. First, it helps them to understand easily.Today, people goes courses to understand and concentrate quickly. Because by just listening a song (a special song of course) you can do this. Classic music for example is a good alternative. Listening a song from Beethoven can make your brain waves decelerate and this is one of the ways to improve your brains capacity. Another good effect of music is that It can Improve intelligence. We all have seen a Mozart CD for babies or children at least for once. It Is because there are so many examples of listening classic music can Improve babies Intelligence especially during the pregnancy.

Definitions and Examples of Rhetors

Definitions and Examples of Rhetors Definition In the broadest sense of the term, a rhetor is a  public speaker or writer. According to Jeffrey Arthurs, in the  classical rhetoric  of ancient Athens,  the term rhetor had the technical denotation of a professional orator/politician/advocate, one who actively participated in the affairs of state and court (Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 1994). In some contexts, a  rhetor was roughly equivalent to what we would call an attorney or a lawyer.   In addition, the term rhetor is sometimes used interchangeably with rhetorician to refer to a teacher of rhetoric  or a person skilled in the art of rhetoric.  Rhetor  has fallen out of popular usage and is generally used in more formal or academic language in the modern world. However, the rhetors art is still taught as part of many educational and professional courses of study, particularly for persuasive professions such as politics, law, and social activism. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Classical RhetoricComposition StudiesEloquenceEthosOratorRhetorical SituationRhetoric and RhetoricianSophistVoice (Rhetoric)What Is Rhetoric? Etymology From the Greek, orator The word  rhetor  has the same roots as the related term  rhetoric,  which refers to the art of using language to have an effect (usually persuasive) on audiences. Although it is used more often in the context of spoken language, rhetoric can also be written.  Rhetor  derives from  rhesis, the ancient Greek word for speech, and  rhema, which specifically defined that which is spoken. Examples and Observations Since [Martin Luther] King was the ideal rhetor at a critical moment to pen the Letter [from Birmingham Jail], it transcends the Birmingham of 1963 to speak to the nation as a whole and to continue speaking to us, 40 years later.(Martha Watson, The Issue Is Justice. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Spring 2004)The Sophist as Rhetor-  How next can we define the rhetor? Essentially, he is a man skilled in the art of rhetoric: and as such he may impart this skill to others, or exercise it in the Assembly or the law courts. It is of course the first of these alternatives that interests us here; for . . . the sophist qualifies for the title of rhetor in this sense should one choose to describe him in purely functional terms.(E.L. Harrison, Was Gorgias a Sophist? Phoenix, Autumn 1964)The Aristotelian Rhetor vs. the Neo-Aristotelian RhetorEdward Cope recognized the cooperative nature of rhetorical argument in his classic commentary on Aristotle, noting that the rhetor is dependent upon the au dience, for in ordinary cases he can only assume such principles and sentiments in conducting his argument as he knows will be acceptable to them, or which they are prepared to admit. . . .Unfortunately, under the influence of the nominalistic individualism of the Enlightenment, the neo-Aristotelian left behind the community framework inherent in the Greek tradition to focus on the rhetors ability to work his will. This rhetor-centered approach led to such oxymorons as considering a community destroyer like Hitler to be a good rhetor. Whatever accomplished the rhetors purpose was taken to be good rhetoric, regardless of its consequences for the ecosystem as a whole. . . . [T]his rhetor-centered approach blinded itself to the value implications of reducing the criteria of rhetorical practice to mere effectiveness in achieving the rhetors purpose. If pedagogy follows this idea of competence, then the neo-Aristotelian teaches that whatever works is good rhetoric.(James A. Mackin, Jr., Community Over Chaos: An Ecological Perspective on Communication Ethics. University  of Alabama Press, 1997) The Role of the Rhetor in the Humanist Paradigm of RhetoricThe humanist paradigm is based on a reading of classical texts, especially those of Aristotle and Cicero, and its governing feature is the positioning of the rhetor as the generating center of discourse and its constitutive power. The rhetor is seen (ideally) as the conscious and deliberating agent who chooses and in choosing discloses the capacity for prudence and who invents discourse that displays an ingenium and who all along observes the norms of timeliness (kairos), appropriateness (to prepon), and decorum that testify to a mastery of sensus communis. Within such a paradigm, while one does recognize the situational constraints, they are, in the last instance, so many items in the rhetors design. The agency of rhetoric is always reducible to the conscious and strategic thinking of the rhetor.(Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar, The Idea of Rhetoric in the Rhetoric of Science. Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, ed. by Alan G. Gross and William M. Keith. State University of New York Press, 1997) Emerson on the Power of EloquenceHim only we call an artist, who should play on an assembly of men as a master on the keys of a piano; who, seeing the people furious, shall soften and compose them; should draw them, when he would, to laughter and to tears. Bring him to his audience, and, be they who they may- coarse or refined, pleased or displeased, sulky or savage, with their opinions in the keeping of a confessor or with their opinions in their bank safes- he will have them pleased and humoured as he chooses; and they shall carry and execute that which he bids them.(Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Conduct of Life: Fate, December  22, 1851) Pronunciation: RE-tor

Definitions and Interpretations of Rhetorical Irony

Definitions and Interpretations of Rhetorical Irony To say one thing but to mean something else - that may be the simplest definition of irony. But in truth, theres nothing at all simple about the rhetorical concept of irony. As J.A. Cuddon says in A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (Basil Blackwell, 1979), irony eludes definition, and this elusiveness is one of the main reasons why it is a source of so much fascinated inquiry and speculation. To encourage further inquiry (rather than reduce this complex trope to simplistic explanations), weve gathered a variety of definitions and interpretations of irony, both ancient and modern. Here youll find some recurrent themes as well as some points of disagreement. Does any one of these writers provide the single right answer to our question? No. But all provide food for thought. We begin on this page with some broad observations about the nature of irony - a few standard definitions along with attempts to classify the different types of irony. On page two, we offer a brief survey of the ways that the concept of irony has evolved over the past 2,500 years. Finally, on pages three and four, a number of contemporary writers discuss what irony means (or seems to mean) in our own time. Definitions and Types of Irony The Three Basic Features of IronyThe principal obstacle in the way of a simple definition of irony is the fact that irony is not a simple phenomenon. . . . We have now presented, as basic features for all irony,(i) a contrast of appearance and reality,(ii) a confident unawareness (pretended in the ironist, real in the victim of the irony) that the appearance is only an appearance, and(iii) the comic effect of this unawareness of a contrasting appearance and reality.(Douglas Colin Muecke, Irony, Methuen Publishing, 1970)Five Kinds of IronyThree kinds of irony have been recognized since antiquity: (1) Socratic irony. a mask of innocence and ignorance adopted to win an argument. . . . (2) Dramatic or tragic irony, a double vision of what is happening in a play or real-life situation. . . . (3) Linguistic irony, a duality of meaning, now the classic form of irony. Building on the idea of dramatic irony, the Romans concluded that language often carries a double message, a second often moc king or sardonic meaning running contrary to the first. . . .In modern times, two further conceptions have been added: (1) Structural irony, a quality that is built into texts, in which the observations of a naive narrator point up deeper implications of a situation. . . . (2) Romantic irony, in which writers conspire with readers to share the double vision of what is happening in the plot of a novel, film, etc.(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press, 1992) Applying IronyIronys general characteristic is to make something understood by expressing its opposite. We can therefore isolate three separate ways of applying this rhetorical form. Irony can refer to (1) individual figures of speech (ironia verbi); (2) particular ways of interpreting life (ironia vitae); and (3) existence in its entirety (ironia entis). The three dimensions of ironytrope, figure, and universal paradigmcan be understood as rhetorical, existential, and ontological.(Peter L. Oesterreich, Irony, in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, edited by Thomas O. Sloane, Oxford University Press, 2001)Metaphors for IronyIrony is an insult conveyed in the form of a compliment, insinuating the most galling satire under the phraseology of panegyric; placing its victim naked on a bed of briars and thistles, thinly covered with rose leaves; adorning his brow with a crown of gold, which burns into his brain; teasing, and fretting, and riddling him through and through with incessant discharges of hot shot from a masked battery; laying bare the most sensitive and shrinking nerves of his mind, and then blandly touching them with ice, or smilingly pricking them with needles.(James Hogg, Wit and Humour, in Hoggs Instructor, 1850) Irony SarcasmIrony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: Sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, bitter, cutting, caustic, or acerb manner; it is the instrument of indignation, a weapon of offense, whereas irony is one of the vehicles of wit.(Eric Partridge and Janet Whitcut, Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English, W.W. Norton Company, 1997)Irony, Sarcasm, WitGeorge Puttenhams Arte of English Poesie shows appreciation for subtle rhetorical irony by translating ironia as Drie Mock. I tried to find out what irony really is, and discovered that some ancient writer on poetry had spoken of ironia, which we call the drye mock, and I cannot think of a better term for it: the drye mock. Not sarcasm, which is like vinegar, or cynicism, which is often the voice of disappointed idealism, but a delicate casting of a cool and illuminating light on life, and thus an enlargement. The ironist is not bitter, he does not seek to undercut everything that seems worthy or serious, he scorns the cheap scoring-off of the wisecracker. He stands, so to speak, somewhat at one side, observes and speaks with a moderation which is occasionally embellished with a flash of controlled exaggeration. He speaks from a certain depth, and thus he is not of the same nature as the wit, who so often speaks from the tongue and no deeper. The wits desire is to be funny, the ironist is only funny as a secondary achievement.(Roberston Davies, The Cunning Man, Viking, 1995) Cosmic IronyThere are two broad uses in everyday parlance. The first relates to cosmic irony and has little to do with the play of language or figural speech. . . . This is an irony of situation, or an irony of existence; it is as though human life and its understanding of the world is undercut by some other meaning or design beyond our powers. . . . The word irony refers to the limits of human meaning; we do not see the effects of what we do, the outcomes of our actions, or the forces that exceed our choices. Such irony is cosmic irony, or the irony of fate.(Claire Colebrook, Irony: The New Critical Idiom, Routledge, 2004) A Survey of Irony Socrates, That Old FoxThe most influential model in the history of irony has been the Platonic Socrates. Neither Socrates nor his contemporaries, however, would have associated the word  eironeia  with modern conceptions of Socratic irony. As Cicero put it, Socrates was always pretending to need information and professing admiration for the wisdom of his companion; when Socrates interlocutors were annoyed with him for behaving in this way they called him  eiron, a vulgar term of reproach referring generally to any kind of sly deception with overtones of mockery. The fox was the symbol of the  eiron.All serious discussions of  eironeia  followed upon the association of the word with Socrates.(Norman D. Knox, Irony,  The Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 2003)The Western SensibilitySome go so far as to say that Socrates ironic personality inaugurated a peculiarly Western sensibility. His irony, or his capacity  not  to accept everyday values and concepts but live in a state of  perpetual  question, is the birth of philosophy, ethics, and consciousness.(Claire Colebrook,  Irony: The New Critical Idiom, Routledge, 2004) Skeptics and AcademicsIt is not without cause that so many excellent philosophers became Skeptics and Academics, and denied any certainty of knowledge or comprehension, and held opinions that the knowledge of man extended only to appearances and probabilities. It is true that in Socrates it was supposed to be but a form of irony,  Scientiam  dissimulando  simulavit, for he used to dissemble his knowledge, to the end to enhance his knowledge.(Francis Bacon,  The Advancement of Learning, 1605)From Socrates to CiceroSocratic irony, as it is constructed in Platos dialogues,  is therefore  a method of mocking and unmasking the presumed knowledge of his interlocutors, consequently leading them to  truth  (Socratic  maieutics). Cicero establishes irony as a rhetoric figure which blames by praise and praises by blame. Apart from this, there is the sense of tragic (or dramatic) irony, which focuses on the contrast between the protagonists ignorance and the spectators, who ar e aware of his fatal destiny (as for example in  Oedipus Rex).(Irony, in  Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters, edited by Manfred Beller and Joep Leerssen, Rodopi, 2007) Quintilian OnwardsSome of the rhetoricians recognize, though almost as if in passing, that irony was much more than an ordinary rhetorical figure. Quintilian says [in  Institutio Oratoria, translated by H.E. Butler] that in the  figurative  form of irony the speaker disguises his entire meaning, the disguise being apparent rather than confessed. . . .But having touched on this borderline where irony ceases to be instrumental and is sought as an end in itself, Quintilian draws back, quite properly for his purposes, to his functional view, and in effect carries nearly two millennia worth of rhetoricians along with him. It was not until well into the eighteenth century that theorists were forced, by explosive developments in the use of irony itself, to begin thinking about ironic effects as somehow self-sufficient literary ends. And then of course irony burst its bounds so effectively that men finally dismissed merely functional ironies as not even ironic, or as self-evidently les s artistic.(Wayne C. Booth,  A Rhetoric of Irony, University of Chicago Press, 1974) Cosmic Irony RevisitedIn  The Concept of Irony  (1841), Kierkegaard elaborated the idea that irony is a mode of seeing things, a way of viewing existence. Later, Amiel in his  Journal Intime  (1883-87) expressed the view that irony springs from a perception of the absurdity of life. . . .Many writers have distanced themselves to a vantage point, a quasi-godlike eminence, the better to be able to view things. The artist becomes a kind of god viewing creation (and viewing his own creation) with a smile. From this it is a short step to the idea that God himself is the supreme  ironist, watching the antics of human beings (Flaubert referred to a blague supà ©rieure) with a detached, ironical smile. The spectator in the  theatre  is in a similar position. Thus the everlasting human condition is regarded as potentially absurd.(J.A. Cuddon, Irony,  A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, Basil Blackwell, 1979)Irony in Our TimeI am saying that there seems to be o ne dominating form of modern understanding; that it is essentially ironic; and that it originates largely in the application of mind and memory to the events of the Great War [World War I].(Paul Fussell,  The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford University Press, 1975) Supreme IronyWith supreme irony, the war to make the world safe for democracy [World War I] ended by leaving democracy more unsafe in the world than at any time since the collapse of the revolutions of 1848.(James Harvey Robinson,  The Human Comedy, 1937) Contemporary Observations on Irony The New IronyThe one truth the new irony has to tell us is that the man who uses it has no place to stand except in momentary community with those who seek to express a comparable alienation from other groups. The one conviction it expresses is that there are really no sides left: No virtue to oppose to corruption, no wisdom to oppose to  cant. The one standard it accepts is that on which the simple manthe untutored non-ironist who fancies (in his dolt-hood) that he knows what good and bad should meanis registered as the zero of our world, a cipher worth nothing but uninterrupted contempt.(Benjamin DeMott, The New Irony:  Sidesnicks  and Others,  The American Scholar, 31, 1961-1962)Swift, Simpson, Seinfeld . . . and Quotation Marks[T]echnically,  irony  is a rhetorical device used to convey a meaning sharply different from or even opposite of the  literal  text. It’s not just saying one thing while meaning anotherthat’s what Bill Clinton does. No, itâ₠¬â„¢s more like a wink or running joke among people in the know.Jonathan Swift’s  A Modest Proposal  is a classic text in the history of irony. Swift argued that English lords should eat the children of the poor to alleviate hunger. There is nothing in the text which says, hey, this is sarcasm. Swift lays out a pretty good argument and it’s up to the reader to figure it out that he’s not really serious. When Homer Simpson says to Marge, Now who’s being naà ¯ve? the writers are winking at all those people who love  The Godfather  (these people are commonly referred to as men). When George Costanza and Jerry Seinfeld keep saying Not that there’s anything wrong with that! every time they mention homosexuality, they are making an ironic joke about the culture’s insistence that we affirm our non-judgmentalism.Anyway,  irony  is one of those words that most people understand intuitively but have a hard time defining. One good test is if you like to put quotation marks around words that shouldn’t have them. The quotation marks are necessary because the words have lost most of their literal meaning to the  new  politicized interpretations.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review Online, April 28, 1999) Irony and EthosSpecifically rhetorical irony presents few problems. Puttenhams drie  mock pretty well describes the phenomenon. One kind of rhetorical irony, however, may need further attention. There can be relatively few rhetorical situations where the target of persuasion is utterly ignorant of the designs someone has on himthe relationship of  persuader  and persuaded is almost always self-conscious to some degree. If the persuader wants to overcome any implicit sales resistance (especially from a sophisticated audience), one of the ways he will do it is to acknowledge that he  is  trying to talk his audience into something. By this, he hopes to gain their trust for as long as the soft sell takes. When he does this, he really acknowledges that his rhetorical maneuvering is ironical, that it says one thing while it tries to do another. At the same time, a second irony is present, since the pitchman is still far from laying all his cards on the table. The point to be made is that every rhetorical posture except the most naive involves an ironical coloration, of some kind or another, of the speakers  ethos.(Richard Lanham,  A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd edition, University of California Press, 1991) The End of the Age of Irony?One good thing could come from this horror: it could spell the end of the age of irony. For some 30 yearsroughly as long as the Twin Towers were uprightthe good folks in charge of Americas intellectual life have insisted that nothing was to be believed in or taken seriously. Nothing was real. With a giggle and a smirk, our chattering classesour columnists and pop culture makersdeclared that detachment and personal whimsy were the necessary tools for an oh-so-cool life. Who but a slobbering bumpkin would think, I feel your pain? The ironists, seeing through everything, made it difficult for anyone to see anything. The consequence of thinking that nothing is realapart from prancing around in an air of vain stupidityis that one will not know the difference between a joke and a menace.No more. The planes that plowed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were real. The flames, smoke, sirensreal. The chalky landscape, the silence of the streetsall real. I feel your painreally.(Roger Rosenblatt,  The Age Of Irony Comes to an End,  Time  magazine, September 16, 2001) Eight Misconceptions About IronyWe have a grave problem with this word (well, in fact, its not really gravebut Im not being ironic when I call it that, Im being  hyperbolic. Though often the two amount to the same thing. But not always). Just looking at the definitions, the confusion is understandablein the first instance, rhetorical irony expands to cover any disjunction at all between language and meaning, with a couple of key exceptions (allegory  also entails a disconnection between sign and meaning, but obviously isnt synonymous with irony; and lying, clearly, leaves that gap, but relies for its efficacy on an ignorant audience, where irony relies on a knowing one). Still, even with the riders, its quite an umbrella, no?In the second instance,  situational irony  (also known as cosmic irony) occurs when it seems that God or fate is manipulating events so as to inspire false hopes, which are inevitably dashed (1). While this looks like the more straightforward usage, it o pens the door to confusion between irony, bad  luck  and inconvenience.Most pressingly, though, there are a number of misconceptions about  irony  that are peculiar to recent times. The first is that September 11 spelled the end of irony. The second is that the end of irony would be the one good thing to come out of September 11. The third is that irony characterizes our age to a greater degree than it has done any other. The fourth is that Americans cant do irony, and we [the British] can. The fifth is that the Germans cant do irony, either (and we still can). The sixth is that irony and cynicism are interchangeable. The seventh is that its a mistake to attempt irony in emails and text messages, even while irony characterizes our age, and so do emails. And the eighth is that post-ironic is an acceptable termit is very modish to use this, as if to suggest one of three things: i) that irony has ended; ii) that postmodernism and irony are interchangeable, and can be conflated into one handy word; or iii) that we are more ironic than we used to be, and therefore need to add a prefix suggesting even greater ironic distance than irony on its own can supply. None of these things is true.1. Jack Lynch, Literary Terms. I would strongly urge you not to read any more footnotes, they are only here to make sure I dont get in trouble for plagiarizing.(Zoe Williams,  The Final Irony,  The Guardian, June 28, 2003) Postmodern IronyPostmodern  irony is allusive, multilayered, preemptive, cynical, and above all, nihilistic. It assumes that everything is subjective and nothing means what it says. Its a sneering, world-weary,  bad  irony, a mentality that condemns before it can be condemned, preferring cleverness to sincerity and quotation to originality. Postmodern irony rejects  tradition,  but offers nothing in its place.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony, St. Martins Press, 2007)Were All in This Togetherby OurselvesImportantly, the Romantic of today finds a real connection, a sense of groundedness, with others  through  irony. with those who understand what is meant without having to say it, with those who also question the saccharine quality of contemporary American culture, who are certain that all diatribes of virtue-lament will turn out to have been made by some gambling, lying, hypocritical talk-show host/senator overly fond of interns/pages. This they see as doing an inj ustice to the depth of human possibility and the complexity and goodness of human feeling, to the power of the imagination over all forms of potential constraint, to a basic ethics that they themselves are proud to uphold. But ironists, above all else, are certain that we must live in this world as best we can, whether or not it suits our own moral outlook, writes Charles Taylor [The Ethics of Authenticity, Harvard University Press, 1991]. The only alternative seems to be a kind of inner exile. Ironic detachment is exactly this sort of inner exilean  inner emigrationmaintained with humor, chic bitterness, and a sometimes embarrassing but abidingly persistent hope.(R. Jay Magill Jr.,  Chic Ironic Bitterness, The University of Michigan Press, 2007) Whats Ironic?Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up their seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know, weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?(Seinfeld)